TY  - JOUR
T1  - X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Flourescence of (9th-10th Century AD) Ancient Bricks of Pengkalan Bujang Temple (Site 21/22) Bujang Valley, Kedah
AU - Ramli, Zuliskandar AU - Rahman, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd. AU - Jusoh, Adnan AU - Sauman, Yunus AU - Razman, Muhammad Rizal 
JO  - The Social Sciences
VL  - 8
IS  - 6
SP  - 500
EP  - 504
PY  - 2013
DA  - 2001/08/19
SN  - 1818-5800
DO  - sscience.2013.500.504
UR  - https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=sscience.2013.500.504
KW  - Candi Pengkalan Bujang (site 21/22)
KW  -x-ray fluorescence
KW  -x-ray diffraction
KW  -bricks
KW  -Bujang Valley
AB  - Candi Pengkalan Bujang site 21/22) is one of the temple sites 
  of Buddha element that used bricks as its main construction material in addition 
  to the use of pillar bases made from granite stones and pillars believed to 
  have been made of wood and palm roof. Relative dating that was made on this 
  site suggests it was built between the 9-10th century AD. The two main structures, 
  namely a structure that had vimana and mandapa areas, as well as stupa structure 
  showed there was evolution in temple construction using bricks after the 10th 
  century AD, in particular in the usage of bricks and its arrangement. This study 
  will focus on the material composition analysis of ancient bricks that were 
  used to create this temple of which its main purpose is to see whether the raw 
  material used to produce the bricks utilised local raw material. The two analysis 
  techniques will be used, namely; the X-Ray Fluorescence Technique (XRF) and 
  the X-Ray Diffraction Technique (XRD) in determining the major and trace element 
  content, as well as mineral content in the ancient bricks. Results of the study 
  show that the major minerals in the ancient bricks of Candi Pengkalan Bujang 
  (site 21/22) are the presence of major minerals, such as quartz, muscovite and 
  microcline while other minerals that exist in small quantities are minerals, 
  such as gibbsite, mullite and kaolinite. Kaolinite mineral content in the PB21/22 
  (xx-xxii) samples shows that the bricks were fired at a temperature below 550°C. 
  PB21/22 (iii, iv and viii) samples only contained quartz mineral content and 
  this shows that the samples were fired at high temperatures between 850-1000°C. 
  The mineral content and physical observation of the bricks indicate that the 
  open firing technique was used in producing the bricks. The major and trace 
  element content also show that these bricks were produced from the same source 
  and it is suggested that local raw material was used in the production of the 
  bricks. The involvement of the local community in producing the bricks should 
  not be refuted, proving the knowledge transformation of the local community 
  in Bujang Valley had already begun, since the 4th century.
ER  -