TY  - JOUR
T1  - Use of Xylazine/Ketamine or Medetomidine Combined with Either Ketamine, Ketamine/Butorphanol, or Ketamine/Telazol for Immobilization of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus)
AU - , Lisa I. Muller AU - , David A. Osborn AU - , Edward C. Ramsay AU - , Tom Doherty AU - , Brad F. Miller AU - , Robert J. Warren AU - , Karl V. Miller 
JO  - Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
SP  - 435
EP  - 440
PY  - 2007
DA  - 2001/08/19
SN  - 1680-5593
DO  - javaa.2007.435.440
UR  - https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=javaa.2007.435.440
KW  - Butorphanol
KW  -ketamine
KW  -medetomidine
KW  -Odocoileus virginianus
KW  -tiletamine-zolazepam
KW  -white-tailed deer
AB  - We immobilized 18 captive, adult, female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with a combination of either 1) xylazine/ketamine (XK; 1.6+0.1 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> xylazine and 7.8+0.3 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> ketamine antagonized with 2.1+0.1 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> tolazoline), 2) Medetomidine/Ketamine (MK; 0.075+0.01 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> medetomidine and 2.1+0.2 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> ketamine antagonized with 0.37+0.0 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> atipamezole), 3) Medetomidine/Ketamine/Butorphanol  (MKB;  0.072+0.01 mg  kg <SUP>1</SUP>  medetomidine,  2.1+0.2 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> ketamine and 0.1+ 0.0 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> butorphanol antagonized with 0.36+0.0 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> atipamezole and 10.3+1.2 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> naltrexone), 4) Medetomidine/Ketamine/Tiletamine-zolazepam-A (MKT-A; 0.063+0.0 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> medetomidine, 0.9+0.1  mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> ketamine and 2.0+0.1 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> tiletamine-zolazepam antagonized with 0.31+0.0 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> atipamezole ),  or  5)  Medetomidine/Ketamine/Tiletamine-zolazepam-B  (MKT-B; 0.067+0.0 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> medetomidine,  1.4+0.1 mg kg <SUP>1</SUP> ketamine and 1.1+0.1 mg  kg <SUP>1</SUP>  tiletamine-zolazepam antagonized with 0.34+0.0  mg kg <SUP>1</SUP>  atipamezole). We measured times  from  injection  to  first effect,  sternal  recumbency and  lateral  recumbency. We measured  SpO<SUB>2</SUB>, heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature of each deer at  20 and 40 min after lateral recumbency. Forty-five minutes after lateral recumbency, deer were given appropriate  antagonist drugs  (half  i.v., half  i.m.). All  drug combinations  except the XK dose produced lateral  recumbency  in  the  deer. Hyperthermia occurred in the XK, MKB and MK groups. The MKT-A and MKT-B treatments resulted in acceptable physiological parameters, rapid induction and quick recovery. Combining ketamine (for a relatively shorter recovery time), tiletamine-zolazepam (for rapid induction) and medetomidine (for synergistic effects and increased relaxation) may optimize induction and recovery times in white-tailed deer.
ER  -