@article{MAKHILLERJ202014128436,
    title = {Used Evaluation of Stone Ash and Clamshell as Concrete Material of Artificial Reef at Pasir
Putih Beach, Situbondo Indonesia},
    journal = {Environmental Research Journal},
    volume = {14},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-8},
    year = {2020},
    issn = {1994-5396},
    doi = {erj.2020.1.8},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1994-5396&doi=erj.2020.1.8},
    author = {Rudhy,Oktiyas and},
    keywords = {density,clamshell,ecosystem,rehabilitation,coral reef,artificial reef,Waste},
    abstract = {Stone ash and clamshell are a material that
comes from the nature and is very rarely used as a mixture
of artificial reefs made from concrete. This study uses
stone ash and clamshell because high silica content in
stone ash can strengthen the artificial reef concrete while
the use of clamshell is expected to reduce the abundant
waste in coastal areas. In order to know the potential of
both media types of artificial reefs stone ash and
clamshell as a place to live or attached to marine biota
needs to be evaluated, evaluation seen from result of biota
number, type composition, density and rate of attachment
of biota which has been obtained after 3 months of media
placed in waters. The results of data processing and
statistical analysis of Mann-Whitney U test performed
showed significant value of 0.755 or p>0.05 which means
no significant difference indicating that both types of
artificial reef media using stone ash and clamshell have a
role to resemble the characteristics of natural reef as a
place to live, a place to eat, a shelter and a place to spawn
for marine biota which then repair or replace the
ecosystem that has been damaged.}
    }