@article{MAKHILLJMMS202115128218,
    title = {Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in South Africa},
    journal = {Journal of Modern Mathematics and Statistics},
    volume = {15},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-7},
    year = {2021},
    issn = {1994-5388},
    doi = {jmmstat.2021.1.7},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1994-5388&doi=jmmstat.2021.1.7},
    author = {Matthew},
    keywords = {ARDL,bounds test,cointegration,Granger causality,Augmented Dickey-Fuller,GDP,petrol,electricity,economic growth,energy},
    abstract = {This study examines the long-run and short-run
causal relationship among the petrol consumption,
electricity consumption and GDP in South Africa using 16
years quarterly data (2005Q1-2020Q2). The results show
that electricity and GDP are integrated of the same order,
I(1) while petrol is integrated of order zero. There exists
a long-run relationship between petrol and GDP models.
Only the petrol model system returns to equilibrium with
adjustment speed of 128.4%. Petrol and electricity models
are found to be stable and significant with no defects,
GDP Model is also stable but insignificant and its
residuals are not normally distributed. A unidirectional
causality runs from GDP to petrol and electricity.
However, petrol and electricity do granger cause each
other. have and there is no long-run relationship between
them. In the short and long run, GDP has a significant
negative impact on electricity and petrol consumption in
South Africa, respectively.}
    }