@article{MAKHILLVR201912128028,
    title = {A Review on Trans-Boundary Animal Diseases Management:
Prevention and Control},
    journal = {Veterinary Research},
    volume = {12},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-9},
    year = {2019},
    issn = {1993-5412},
    doi = {vr.2019.1.9},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1993-5412&doi=vr.2019.1.9},
    author = {Jateni and},
    keywords = {Trans-boundary animal disease,control management,prevention,poverty entrapment,African
livestock farmers,international trade},
    abstract = {Trans-Boundary Animal Diseases (TADs) as defined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) are those diseases that are of
significant economic, trade and/or food security importance for a considerable number of countries which can
easily spread to other countries and reach epidemic proportions and where prevention, control/management
including exclusion, requires cooperation between several countries. The list of TADs includes render pest,
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), African swine fever, newcastle
disease, avian influenza, Rift Valley fever and lumpy skin disease. They have a multi-sector impact as they cause
disease, suffering and death of animals. They grossly reduce productivity of livestock. Some of the TADs (e.g.,
Rift Valley fever, the H5N1 strain of avian influenza) may also cause disease, suffering and even death of
humans. TADs constitute a major technical barrier to trade in livestock commodities. Foot-and-mouth disease
is the most notorious such barrier and the countries where this disease occurs unchecked are excluded from
international trade in livestock commodities. So, the persistent occurrence of FMD and other major TADs in
many parts of Africa is a poverty entrapment for African livestock farmers.}
    }