@article{MAKHILLJEAS202015619192,
    title = {Wastewater Reuse in the United States and Arabs Countries: A Survey of
Current Practice, Issues and Needs},
    journal = {Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences},
    volume = {15},
    number = {6},
    pages = {1522-1536},
    year = {2020},
    issn = {1816-949x},
    doi = {jeasci.2020.1522.1536},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1816-949x&doi=jeasci.2020.1522.1536},
    author = {Nuralhuda},
    keywords = {Wastewater,reuse,untied states,practices,needs and policies,worldwide},
    abstract = {This literature review examines international survey of various countries in order to review current
practices, needs and policies around the world. The objective of this literature review is to display in what
manner wastewater reuse technologies are applied and to show the various approaches to reclaiming wastewater
in light of various needs such as climate change water sacristy and population growth. In the first section,
wastewater reuse in different countries including the United States and Arab Countries is presented. In the
second section, an overview of current policies in the US and Arab Countries are presented to show different
perceptions regarding wastewater reuse. In addition, public perceptions in the United States and Arab
Countries are examined regarding wastewater reuse and reclamation. The existing regulations, legislation and
guidelines of these countries are also studied. In the third section, various kinds of technologies are represented
along with their advantages and disadvantages. For example, soil aquifer treatment technology is considered
to be a natural system which has been used in some Arab Countries. Another technology examined is the double
membrane which is the most advanced technology in use to remove organic and inorganic compounds. The idea
of the double membrane is that a membrane bioreactor system is used as a pretreatment for reverse osmosis.
In addition, the public has differing perspectives on wastewater reuse. In the US, public perceptions are positive
while Arab Countries have a negative perspective. These differing views are due to the fact that in developed
countries, wastewater reuse has been practiced and implemented for several years, using advanced technologies
that have no negative effects on human health. However, the concept of wastewater reuse is considered a new
option in developing countries (Arab Countries) and so, advanced facilities are required to protect human
health. In developed countries which are the US, beneficial regulations and guidelines for reuse systems exist
such as the USEPA guidelines and various water management approaches are implemented. In Arab Countries,
though there has been some development of water reuse systems, some countries continue to face problems with
poor facilities and equipment. Enforcement of regulations and further development are required in order to
implement advanced reuse strategies. On the whole, planned and controlled water reuse should be considered
as a part of practicable water resource management worldwide.}
    }