@article{MAKHILLJEAS2019142318722,
    title = {Forecasting the Water Quality Class in a River Basin using an Artificial Neural
Network with the Softmax Activation Function},
    journal = {Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences},
    volume = {14},
    number = {23},
    pages = {8585-8593},
    year = {2019},
    issn = {1816-949x},
    doi = {jeasci.2019.8585.8593},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1816-949x&doi=jeasci.2019.8585.8593},
    author = {Shah,Ahmad,Mohd and},
    keywords = {Artificial neural network,softmax activation function,water quality modelling,Muda River basin,quality management,quality classification},
    abstract = {Classification of river water quality needs an efficient method to reduce energy, save time and
decrease the risk of errors. This study describes the application of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the
softmax activation function to forecast the Water Quality Class (WQC) under the National Water Quality
Standard (NWQS) of the Muda River Basin (MRB) (Malaysia). The water quality was classified automatically
without Water Quality Index (WQI) calculation. Two different sets of Water Quality Variables (WQVs) were
applied as input variables. The modelling discover that the optimal network architecture was the 1:6-1:6-1:1 and
used a 60-20-20% splitting plan. ANN1 with the six WQVs was selected to predict the WQC in the MRB.
Predictions of the WQC rendered by this model for the training set were very accurate (96.8% correct, Percent
Incorrect Prediction (PIP) = 3.2, CEE = 3.44). The approach presented is a very useful and offers a compelling
alternative to forecasting of river class, mainly because WQI calculation involves a complex and lengthy
calculations. Subsequently, this approach could be applied to water quality classification in other river basins
for better water quality management.}
    }