@article{MAKHILLJEAS2016111213941,
    title = {Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Kernel Shell into Liquid Smoke and its Application to Control Anthracnose Disease on Chili (<i>Capsicum annum</i> L.)},
    journal = {Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences},
    volume = {11},
    number = {12},
    pages = {2583-2587},
    year = {2016},
    issn = {1816-949x},
    doi = {jeasci.2016.2583.2587},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1816-949x&doi=jeasci.2016.2583.2587},
    author = {M.,Asri,Husni,Akhmad and},
    keywords = {Liquid smoke,oil palm kernel shell,pyrolysis,Colletotrichum capsici,anthracnose disease,chili},
    abstract = {This research is an investigation of the application of liquid smoke produced from the pyrolysis of
Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) controlling anthracnose, a fungal disease caused by <i>Colletotrichum capsici</i> on chili.
The experiments for liquid smoke production were carried out in a batch reactor apparatus on a range
temperature of 100-350&deg;C. The results showed that pyrolysis temperature and liquid smoke concentration
significantly influenced the fungus spot caused by <i>C. capsici</i>. A chemical compound present in liquid smoke
in treatment T<sub>2</sub> was able to impair a growth of the fungal mycelium of <i>C. capsici</i>. The smallest spot diameter was 
found at concentration K<sub>3</sub> with an average value of 0.454 cm; although it was not significantly different from 
the sizes of treatment K<sub>2</sub> = 0.504 cm and K<sub>5</sub> = 0.519 cm. However, the best treatment was obtained from a  
combination of treatment T<sub>2</sub>K<sub>4</sub> (Pyrolysis temperature of 200-250&deg;C and liquid smoke concentration of 8%). A
long period of incubation in treatment of T<sub>2</sub>K<sub>4</sub> and 4.5 day after incubation showed that there was a resistance
characteristic in the treatment which caused the disease symptoms to appear in long time, making the pathogens
to evolve longer.}
    }