@article{MAKHILLRJBS202015311522,
    title = {<i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of the Primary Stability of Implants Placed at Different Angles in D2 and
D4 Bovine Bones},
    journal = {Research Journal of Biological Sciences},
    volume = {15},
    number = {3},
    pages = {80-88},
    year = {2020},
    issn = {1815-8846},
    doi = {rjbsci.2020.80.88},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1815-8846&doi=rjbsci.2020.80.88},
    author = {Samaneh,Amir Alireza,Yadollah and},
    keywords = {resonance frequency analysis,bone classification,angulation,primary stability,Implant,computed tomography},
    abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the
primary stability of implants placed in D4 and D2 type
bovine bones at different angles in vitro by using
Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) and measuring
Insertion Torque Value (ITV) and Reverse Torque Value
(RTV) of implants. A total of 89 implants were placed in
bone blocks harvested from bovine femur and tibia. The
angualtion for placing implants were 0, 10, 20 and 30&deg;.
The bone densities of recipient sites were determined by
density value as Houns eld Units (Hu) using
cross-sectional CT scans based on Lekholm and Zarb
classification and tactile sense of the surgeon based on
Misch&#146;s classification. Primary stability was measured by
Osstell (ISQ), ITV by OsseoCare and RTV by TQ-8800
Torque Meter (N cmG1). One-way ANOVA was used to
compare the ISQ, ITV and RTV at different angles and
Spearman&#146;s rho was employed to evaluate the relationship
between Hu, angulation, bone density, tactile sense of the
surgeon, ISQ, ITV and RTV. There was a statistically
signi cant difference of ISQ value in D4 but not in D2
(p>0.05). No significant difference of ITV and RTV was
found in D2 and D4 at defined angles. Moreover,
Spearman&#146;s rho test results showed a significant and
direct relationship between ITV and ISQ; between ITV
and RTV and between RTV and angulation in D2 and D4
type bones (p<0.05). In D4 type bone, angulation can
increase the primary stability of the implant, so, to avoid
resurgery, implants should be placed with an angle of 10&deg;
to improve its stability.}
    }