@article{MAKHILLRJBS20138511415,
    title = {Assessment of TPH, PAH, Some Inorganic Anions and Heavy Metal Concentration of Arable Soil Around Crude Oil Spilled Sites in Rivers State, Nigeria},
    journal = {Research Journal of Biological Sciences},
    volume = {8},
    number = {5},
    pages = {166-173},
    year = {2013},
    issn = {1815-8846},
    doi = {rjbsci.2013.166.173},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1815-8846&doi=rjbsci.2013.166.173},
    author = {K.O.,E.N. and},
    keywords = {Crude oil,spillage,TPH,PAH,anion,heavy metals},
    abstract = {Oil spillage has always been a major source of pollution which 
  releases harmful substances into the environment. The concern over pollution 
  of farmland has constituted environmental issues over the year. Most remediation 
  effort is aimed towards reducing hydrocarbon content of soil at the point of 
  impact. In this study, the concentration of TPH, PAH, some inorganic anions 
  and heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, zinc, lead) where determined in soil collected 
  from farm land located around the point of impact of crude oil. The soil TPH 
  ranged from 123.92&plusmn;3.26 to 934.79&plusmn;5.26 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. The 
  soil PAH ranged from 12.18&plusmn;1.10 to 86.21&plusmn;1.80 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, 
  chloride concentration ranged from 24.70&plusmn;0.00 to 399.37&plusmn;5.77 ppm 
  in surface soil while the subsoil concentration ranged from 29.37&plusmn;5.77 
  to 221.03&plusmn;14.43 ppm, nitrate concentration ranged from 7.40&plusmn;0.36 
  to 59.67&plusmn;1.53 ppm in surface soil while the subsoil concentration ranged 
  from 10.00&plusmn;0.01 to 43.33&plusmn;1.53 ppm, sulphate concentration ranged 
  from 16.00&plusmn;0.00 to 160.00&plusmn;10.00 ppm in surface soil while the 
  subsoil concentration ranged from 16.00&plusmn;1.00 to 126.67&plusmn;5.77 ppm, 
  phosphate concentration ranged from 16.00&plusmn;0.00 to 28.57&plusmn;0.12 to 
  393.33&plusmn;3.06 ppm in surface soil while the subsoil concentration ranged 
  from 14.37&plusmn;0.15 to 282.33&plusmn;2.08 ppm, cadmium concentration ranged 
  from 0.24-0.47 ppm in surface soil while the subsoil concentration ranged from 
  0.23-0.35 ppm, nickel concentration ranged from 2.20-2.97 ppm in surface soil 
  while the subsoil concentration ranged from 1.07-1.98 ppm. Zinc concentration 
  ranged from 11.58-24.78 ppm in surface soil while the subsoil concentration 
  ranged from 6.00-24.36 ppm. Lead concentration ranged from 0.61-4.25 ppm in 
  surface soil while the subsoil concentration ranged from 0.41-3.73 ppm. The 
  study, therefore showed that the primary method of remediation by petroleum 
  industries in Rivers State may achieve environmental partial clean-up at the 
  oil-impacted site but contaminate a much wider area away from the oil-impacted 
  site.}
    }