@article{MAKHILLJFT202523131840,
    title = {Biology and Management of Pomegranate Fruit Borer, Virachola Isocrates (Lycsenidae: Lepidoptera) Through Chemicals and Botanical Extracts},
    journal = {Journal of Food Technology},
    volume = {23},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1-10},
    year = {2025},
    issn = {1684-8462},
    doi = {makjft.2025.1.10},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1684-8462&doi=makjft.2025.1.10},
    author = {Muhammad,Madieha and},
    keywords = {Population dynamics of aphids, wheat in charsadda, harvesting},
    abstract = {A research study was conducted for investigating the biology, infestation
level and chemical control of pomegranate fruit borer under field and lab
conditions at ARI, Mingora Swat during summer, 2018. The experiment
comprised of twenty four trees of Kandahari anar selected from the
orchard and eight different treatments were assigned in Randomized
Complete Block (RCB) Design having three replications. Treatments
including cypermethrin @ 3ml/lit, indoxacarb @ 0.5 ml/lit, bifenthrin @
2.5 ml/lit, lamda‐cyhalothrin @ 1.5‐2 ml/lit, Azadirachta indica @ 5%,
Persicaria hydropiper @ 5%, Eucalyptus globulus @ 5% and control (tap
water) were applied four times during the entire experiment at 10 days
interval. Influence of different synthetic chemicals and botanical extracts
on mean infestation of V. isocrates revealed that lamda‐cyhalothrin
resulted in lowest mean infestation (3.740.36) followed by bifenthrin
(3.950.32), indoaxarb (4.350.28) and cypermethrin (4.550.28). Botanical
extracts i.e., Azadirachta indica (8.000.50), Persicaria hydropiper (7.56
0.27) and Eucalyptus globulus (7.040.70) also performed better than
control and reduce the mean infestation of V. Isocrates as compared to
maximum yield (16.000.49 ha<sup>‐1</sup>) was obtained from lamda‐cyhalothrin
treated plots while minimum (7.170.43 ha<sup>‐1</sup>) was recorded in control.
Developmental period of V. Isocrates completed in 34‐55 days. Eggs
period lasted for 7‐10 days with average of 8.84, larval period for 18‐46
with an average of 32.22 and pupal period for 8‐32 days with an average
of 17.60 days. Adult longevity ranges 6‐8 days with average of 6.58 days
to complete. Highest 100% mortality was caused by lamda‐cyhalothrin
and cypermethrin after 72 hrs followed by neem seed extract (81.00) and
Persicaria hydropiper (78.80) when tested under laboratory conditions.
Based on the current studies, further studies on the side effect of these
botanical extracts are recommended.}
    }