@article{MAKHILLPJSS20131017632,
    title = {Electronic Information Espionage},
    journal = {Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences},
    volume = {10},
    number = {1},
    pages = {9-16},
    year = {2013},
    issn = {1683-8831},
    doi = {pjssci.2013.9.16},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1683-8831&doi=pjssci.2013.9.16},
    author = {Mahmoud,Mehdi Khaghani and},
    keywords = {National security,national interests,computer crime,cyberspace,computer spy},
    abstract = {From time immemorial, every country has had some crucial and 
  vital information regarding its national security and interests. If the information 
  was revealed to the unqualified, the subject would have been penalized as a 
  criminal and called as a spy. Today by entering into the electronic government 
  environment, significant amount of information about the country, protection 
  of which is directly linked to the national security is being exchanged or kept 
  in cyberspace. With regards to the significance of the issue, according to the 
  Islamic Penal Code (computer crime chapter) approved in 2009, any act in the 
  cyberspace environment for the purpose of computer spying is considered as an 
  illegal act and the same would be considered as the material evidence of the 
  committed crime in the court of law and will be dealt with accordingly. Hence, 
  some new regulatory measures are necessary in IPC in order to have common grounds 
  for the terms of dealing with the electronic espionage.}
    }