@article{MAKHILLJAVA201413154406,
    title = {Immunotoxic Action of Aflatoxin B1 Against Lymphoid Organs is Coupled with the High Expression of Bcl-2 by Reticulo-Epithelial Cells in Broiler Chickens},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {13},
    number = {15},
    pages = {937-944},
    year = {2014},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2014.937.944},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2014.937.944},
    author = {Gheorghe,Carmen,Bogdan,Mihaela,Constantin and},
    keywords = {Aflatoxin,poultry,immunosuppression,immunohistochemistry,electron microscopy},
    abstract = {Aflatoxins are a significant threat to chicken welfare and production due to 
  their presence in contaminated feedstuff. This study aimed to evaluate any immunosuppressive 
  and proto-oncogenic effects of Aflatoxin B1 in experimentally dosed chickens. 
  The 46 days old Ross 308 broiler chickens were treated with Aflatoxin B1 (50 
  &micro;g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>BW diluted in sunflower oil, per os) for up to 28 days. 
  Every 7 days, five treated and five control chickens were euthanized to determine 
  changes in lymphoid organs, particularly and the thymus and bursa of Fabricius. 
  Tissue changes were evaluated by conventional histology and electron microscopy 
  as well as by immunohistochemistry for Bcl-2 expression. The Aflatoxin B1 exposure 
  induced significant reductions in body weight and in the weight of the lymphoid 
  organs at the end of the experiment. In parallel, severe thymocyte and lymphocyte 
  depletion, considered due to apoptosis was evidenced in the thymus and bursa 
  of Fabricius whereas reticulo-epithelial cells proliferated and strongly expressed 
  the Bcl-2 protein. These results demonstrate the severe immunosuppressive effects 
  of Aflatoxin B1 on B and T cells in chickens and its proliferative action on 
  the reticulo-epithelial cells involved in lymphocyte maturation, suggesting 
  a proto-oncogenic action.}
    }