@article{MAKHILLJAVA201413154404,
    title = {Pre-Stimulation Effects on Teat Anatomy and  Milk Flow Curves in Mediterranean Italian Buffalo Cows},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {13},
    number = {15},
    pages = {912-916},
    year = {2014},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2014.912.916},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2014.912.916},
    author = {Antonio,Carlo,Maria Concetta,Simonetta and},
    keywords = {Mediterranean Italian buffalo,pre-stimulation,pre-stimulation,teat anatomy,teat anatomy,treatments},
    abstract = {Eitgheen Mediterranean Italian buffalo cows were used to demonstrate 
  a relationship between teat anatomy and milk ejection after three different 
  pre-milking treatments (manual pre-stimulation or exogenous oxytocin administration). 
  Teat wall thickness, teat diameter, cisternal diameter and teat canal length 
  were evaluated before and after each treatment. Teat cisternal diameter and 
  teat diameter incresead their lengths while teat wall thickness and teat canal 
  length decreased. The reduction in the teat canal length was observed with all 
  the three treatments with reductions ranging from a minimum of 23.1% (2 min) 
  to a maximum of 29.4% (oxytocin administration). Although, main milking phase 
  was similar among treatments, plateau phase increased (p = 0.01) the duration 
  passing from manual stimulation to the administration of exogenous oxytocin 
  (2.84 min). Lag time decreased significantly with the administration of exogenous 
  oxytocin: 0.74 vs. 2.55 min of 2 min pre-stimulation. Even if exogenous oxytocin 
  showed some advantages on some productive parameters, the study showed that 
  2 min of manual prestimulation are enough for the removal of the alveolar milk 
  fraction.}
    }