@article{MAKHILLJAVA20141324181,
    title = {Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Glucose Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle of Broilers},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {13},
    number = {2},
    pages = {89-97},
    year = {2014},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2014.89.97},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2014.89.97},
    author = {D.Y.,J.J.,W.G.,J.H.,A.Y.,L. and},
    keywords = {Creatine,broiler,glucose uptake,oxidation,glycogen synthesis},
    abstract = {The object of the study was to investigate the effects of 
  Creatine Monohydrate (CMH) supplementation on glucose absorption, glucose oxidation 
  and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle of broilers. Nine hundred, 42 days 
  old broilers were randomly assigned to four treatments with five replicates 
  per treatment and 45 birds per replicate. The birds received either a no-CMH 
  diet (0 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>), a low (250 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>), a moderate (500 
  mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) or a high-CMH diet (1000 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) for 21 days. 
  The results showed that CMH supplementation did not affect serum glucose concentration 
  but did increase lactate concentration (linear and quadratic, p&lt;0.001) as 
  CMH supplementation increased. The concentration of lactate in pectoralis major 
  showed a quadratic effect (p = 0.036) in response to increasing CMH supplementation. 
  For the thigh muscle, the concentration of lactate presented a decreasing effect 
  (linear, p = 0.042). Pyruvic acid in the pectoralis major increased markedly 
  (linear, p&lt;0.004; quadratic, p&lt;0.003) with increasing CMH comcentration 
  but an opposite effect to that in the thigh muscle. The HK1 mRNA abundance in 
  the pectoralis major was decreased by CMH supplementation (linear and quadratic, 
  p&lt;0.001) but the HK1 mRNA abundance in the thigh muscle was increased with 
  a quadratic effect. CMH supplementation had increased Lactate Dehydrogenase 
  (LDH) activity in pectoralis major (linear, p = 0.003; quadratic, p&lt;0.001) 
  while no significant effect on thigh muscle as CMH concentration increased. 
  Thus, it was inferred that CMH supplementation may improve glucose oxidation 
  with distribution difference in skeletal muscle. Additionally, CMH supplementation 
  had no effect on the Glycogen Synthase (GYS), Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) 
  and Glucose Transporter 3 (GLUT3) mRNA abundance, macroglycogen or total glycogen 
  concentration of the breast and thigh muscles. CMH supplementation significantly 
  increased the AMPK&#945; phosphorylation of the pectoralis major and demonstrated 
  a quadratic effect (p = 0.002) as CMH supplementation increased. CMH supplement 
  did not affect the AMPK&#945; phosphorylation of the thigh muscle but presented 
  the same effect as the pectoralis major. The results suggested that CMH supplementation 
  did not affect glucose uptake and glycogen storage of skeletal muscle but it 
  accelerate the glucose oxidation in the thigh muscle or decelerate glycolysis 
  in the pectoralis major, possibly regulated by AMPK&#945; phosphorylation.}
    }