@article{MAKHILLJAVA20131213965,
    title = {Hypergravity Induces Overexpression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Mouse Livers},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {12},
    number = {1},
    pages = {34-37},
    year = {2013},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2013.34.37},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2013.34.37},
    author = {Youn Wha and},
    keywords = {Hypergravity,inducible nitric oxide synthase,mouse,liver,iNOS gene,hypergravity exposure,quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis},
    abstract = {The molecular responses of tissues and organs to gravity change 
  are one of the most important physiological problems in aviation medicine. Previous 
  studies have shown that changes in the gravity environment produce major changes 
  in blood flow and tissue perfusion and affect several aspects of cellular function. 
  In particular, exposure to hypergravity severely reduces hepatic blood flow, 
  resulting in hypoxic-ischemic insult to the liver. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase 
  (iNOS) has been implicated in many pathophysiological states leading to hepatic 
  dysfunction. The aim was to investigate the relationship between hypergravity 
  exposure and hepatic iNOS expression. Using an animal centrifuge, 18 ICR mice 
  were exposed to +3Gz for 1 h and euthanized after 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively. 
  The expression levels of hepatic iNOS were evaluated using quantitative real-time 
  RT-PCR analysis. The quantitative analysis of iNOS mRNA expression showed a 
  significant increase 3 h after hypergravity exposure which persisted for 12 
  h post-centrifugation. About 0 and 1 h intervals did not result in a significant 
  increase in the amount of iNOS mRNA. By contrast, 3, 6 and 12 h intervals resulted 
  in statistically significant increases in the expression level of iNOS mRNA 
  (relative expression value, 0.587, 2.548 and 3.361, respectively). This study 
  is the first to describe hypergravity exposure-induced alteration in the expression 
  of hepatic iNOS. Researchers observed significantly increased iNOS mRNA expression 
  in the livers of mice exposed to hypergravity. This result suggests that hypergravity 
  exposure has a significant effect on transcription of the <I>iNOS</I> gene in 
  the mouse liver.}
    }