@article{MAKHILLJAVA201211203796,
    title = {Can Ethanolaminic H<SUB>1</SUB> Blockers Improve CNS Suppression Effects of Ketamine as Oral Spray in Animal Model?},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {11},
    number = {20},
    pages = {3744-3748},
    year = {2012},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2012.3744.3748},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2012.3744.3748},
    author = {Eilyad,Mehrdad Neshat Ghara,Kamran and},
    keywords = {Oral ketamine,antihistamine,clemastine,CNS depression,cat},
    abstract = {Ketamine is a suitable injectable anesthetic in human and 
  animal that has a low intestinal absorption rate. Its bioavailability in human 
  with oral administration is 20&plusmn;7% and with rectal administration in cat 
  is 43.5&plusmn;6.1%. This drug has some side effects such as hypertension, histamine 
  releasing effects, hallucination, hyper salivation (especially with oral administration), 
  etc. Clemastine is one ethanolaminic antihistamines with anticholinergic effects 
  that can pass through blood-brain barrier and cause suppression of CNS. Then, 
  it seems that co administration of clemastine and ketamine cause more effective 
  and deep CNS depression effects. The aim of this study was evaluation of ketamine 
  and clemastine CNS suppression effects in the manner of single and concomitant 
  in cat. Ten free roaming male and mature cats received mentioned drugs (ketamine 
  (20, 40 and 80 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) and clemastine (0.68, 1.36 and 2.5 mg/cat)) 
  as sublingual spray manner. Each animal was monitored continually by educated 
  expert for CNS depression signs as graded on the behavioral scales. Clemastine 
  alone in sublingual spray administration did not show a significant CNS depression 
  effects. But ketamine in different doses showed a significant dose dependent 
  effect. Concomitant use of clemastine with ketamine reduced CNS depression effects 
  of ketamine. But duration of CNS depression was longer in co administration 
  of these two drugs. Results showed that when ketamine sprayed in mouth (as sublingual 
  form) a strong and long CNS depression was achieved.}
    }