@article{MAKHILLJAVA201110152904,
    title = {The Pathogenicity Variation of Two Quail-Origin H5N1 HPAV to BALB/c Mice after Six Passages in Quail},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {10},
    number = {15},
    pages = {1974-1980},
    year = {2011},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2011.1974.1980},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2011.1974.1980},
    author = {Liming,Pengfei,Chaoan,Ming,Yuqiang,Runyu,Hailiang and},
    keywords = {Influenza,China,H5N1,viruses,quail,BALB/c},
    abstract = {H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses have 
  posed a serious threat to poultry, wild birds and mammals including humans since 
  1997. Quails are a potential reservoir in which influenza viruses might mutate 
  to a mammalian transmissible form. To investigate the molecular changes that 
  occur in H5N1 HPAI viruses following passage in quail, two isolates, A/Quail/Guangdong/342/2008 
  (QL342) and A/Qquail/Guangdong/176/2004 (QL176) were selected. QL342 (clade 
  2.3.2) and QL176 (clade 7) viruses were high pathogenic to quail with a mortality 
  rate of 18.3-100% and could be transmitted between naive contact quails. After 
  six passages in Japanese quails, researchers obtained two viruses, F6QL342 and 
  F6QL176. Compared with QL342, F6QL342 had six animo acid substitutions in polymerases 
  PB1 and PA, Nucleoprotein (NP) and Hemagglutinin (HA) but there was little difference 
  in their pathogenicity to mice. Compared with QL176, F6QL176 virus had 10 amino 
  acid substitutions in PB2, NA, HA proteins. F6QL176 showed an increased pathogenicity 
  towards mice causing more severe weight loss and higher lethality compared with 
  QL176. The findings showed that quails might play an important role in the adaptation 
  of H5N1 avian influenza viruses to mammals. Therefore, researchers should enhance 
  surveillance of H5N1 HPAI viruses in the quail population especially in live-bird 
  markets.}
    }