@article{MAKHILLJAVA20109212461,
    title = {Effects of Nisina and Propolis on Ruminal Fermentation<I> in vitro</I>},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {9},
    number = {21},
    pages = {2752-2758},
    year = {2010},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2010.2752.2758},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2010.2752.2758},
    author = {Hakan,Bahri,Vedat,Ilksin,Ulvi Reha and},
    keywords = {Nisin,propolis,nitrogen utilization,rumen,protozoa,monensin},
    abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nisin and propolis on <I>in vitro</I> fermentation of a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet using the rumen simulation technique and to compare their effects with the antibiotic monensin (positive control). Nisin, propolis ethanol extract and monensin were added daily at 2 mg, 100 &#956;L (contained active substances of 2 mg crude propolis) and 5 mg to the fermentation vessels, respectively. Monensin caused expected changes in fermentation patterns (a significant decrease in NH<SUB>3</SUB>-N concentration, acetate and butyrate production, protozoa counts and a significant increase in propionate production). Nisin and propolis did not cause beneficial effects on fermentation efficiency except NH<SUB>3</SUB>-N concentration. NH<SUB>3</SUB>-N concentration was reduced (p&lt;0.05) by them. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that nisin and propolis might be useful additives to decrease ruminal ammonia production and to improve nitrogen utilization by ruminants.}
    }