@article{MAKHILLJAVA20109192423,
    title = {Role of Lactulose as a Modifier in Rumen Fermentation},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {9},
    number = {19},
    pages = {2537-2545},
    year = {2010},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2010.2537.2545},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2010.2537.2545},
    author = {Armagan,Huzur Derya,Nurettin and},
    keywords = {Lactulose,rumen fermentation,gas production,cumulative,proportions,quadrate},
    abstract = {This <I>in vitro</I> experiment was conducted to examine the effects of lactulose (0, 2 or 4%) on ruminal fermentation of mixtures differing in the forage:concentrate ratio (F:C; 20:80, 40:60 or 60:40). Ruminal fluids collected from two Holstein steers were incubated with the mixtures for 48 h. Data were subjected to 2 way ANOVA. Lactulose did not alter ruminal fluid pH, ammonia and lactate concentrations, individual and total Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) concentrations and gas production. There was a linear increase in ruminal fluid pH from 6.71-6.76 (p&lt;0.0001), a linear decrease in ammonia concentration from 15.84-11.77 mmol L<SUP>-1</SUP> (p&lt;0.0001), a quadratic increase in lactate concentration from 25.51-26.91 mmol L<SUP>-1</SUP> (p&lt;0.04) as the F:C ratio increased from 10:80-60:40. Moreover, increasing the forage level caused linear increases in the acetate (from 53.89-55.69%; p&lt;0.0002) and valerate (from 3.05-3.25%; p&lt;0.003) proportions and a linear decrease in the butyrate proportion (from 19.74-17.32%; p&lt;0.0001) and a linear decrease in cumulative gas production from 41.14-33.54 mL (p&lt;0.0001). The effects of the F:C ratio and lactulose level on gas kinetics parameters were variable. Lactulose addition failed to modify alterations in rumen fermentation characteristics of the mixtures varying in the F:C ratio. In conclusion, lactulose fermentation in ruminal fluids had minimal effects on fermentability of the mixture consisting of different F:C ratios suggesting that lactulose does not modify alterations in rumen fermentation in cattle during their growth and lactation phases.}
    }