@article{MAKHILLJAVA20098121923,
    title = {Replacement of Soybean Meal with Cassava Pulp Mixed with Urea Gelatinizes (Caspurea) in Concentrate Diets of Beef Cattle},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {8},
    number = {12},
    pages = {2594-2601},
    year = {2009},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2009.2594.2601},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2009.2594.2601},
    author = {Pramote and},
    keywords = {Caspurea,soybean meal,cassava pulp,urea,beef},
    abstract = {This experiment aimed to study the effects of cassava pulp mixed with urea Gelatinizes (Caspurea) on productive performance of Thai native x Brahman beef cattle. Four yearling Thai native x Brahman beef cattle with average live weight of 154.7&plusmn;26.8 kg were used in a 4x4 Latin square arrangement of treatments with 4 periods, each period consisted 21 days. The treatments were levels of Caspurea replacement for soybean meal in concentrate at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Concentrates were formulated to contain 14% CP and were fed at 2.0% BW. All animals were fed <I>ad libitum</I> urea treated rice straw as roughage. The results showed that total dry matter intake (5.5, 5.5, 5.2, 5.3 kgDM day<SUP>-1</SUP>; p&gt;0.05) was not significantly different among dietary treatments. DM digestibility (71.2, 72.1, 71.2, 67.7%; p&lt;0.01) was lowest in 75% replacement diet. DM digestibility decreased linearly (p&lt;0.01) and quadratically (p&lt;0.01) as the level of Caspurea increased. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration (8.5, 8.8, 9.5, 13.3% mg; p&lt;0.01) was highest in 75% replacement diet and increased linearly (p&lt;0.01) and quadratically (p&lt;0.01) with increasing the level of Caspurea. Moreover, linearly (p&lt;0.01) and quadratically (p&lt;0.01) decreases in TVFAs (127.4, 123.6, 119.8, 96.4 mM L<SUP>-1</SUP>; p&lt;0.01) observed were (total volatile fatty acid) reflecting increases in level of Caspurea. Increase in level of Caspurea caused linearly (p&lt;0.01)  decrease  in  bacteria  (2.6,  2.5, 2.5, 2.4 (x10<SUP>10</SUP> cell mL<SUP>-1</SUP>)) and protozoa populations (2.2, 2.2, 2.1, 1.9 (x10<SUP>5 </SUP>cell mL<SUP>-1</SUP>)). Nitrogen absorption (65.5, 64.7, 60.6, 57.7 g day<SUP>-1</SUP>) were also lowest in 75% replacement diet (p&lt;0.01), however, among 0, 25 and 50% replacement groups were not differ. With increasing the level of Caspurea, N absorption was decreased. Nitrogen retention (%N intake) (24.1, 23.6, 25.3, 13.6 % N intake) tended to increase in 50% replacement diet (p = 0.05) while, in 0, 25 and 50% replacement diet groups were not differ, moreover, N retention tended to decreased linearly (p = 0.08) as the level of Caspurea increased. Blood urea nitrogen (22.5, 23.2, 23.3, 24.6% mg; p&lt;0.01) was highest in 75% replacement diet and BUN increased linearly (p&lt;0.01) with increasing the level of Caspurea. These results indicated that 50% replacement diet by Caspurea for soybean meal in concentrate has positive effects on Thai native x Brahman crossbred beef cattle production.}
    }