@article{MAKHILLJAVA20098111865,
    title = {Bacterial Examinations in the Nasal Cavity of Apparently Healthy and Unhealthy Holstein Cattle},
    journal = {Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances},
    volume = {8},
    number = {11},
    pages = {2355-2359},
    year = {2009},
    issn = {1680-5593},
    doi = {javaa.2009.2355.2359},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1680-5593&doi=javaa.2009.2355.2359},
    author = {Esra,Yahya and},
    keywords = {Nasal cavity,cattle,P. multocida,M. haemolytica,antibiotic susceptibility test},
    abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine the bacterial flora of nasal cavity in apparently healthy and unhealthy Holstein cattle and determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of <I>Pasteurella multocida</I> and <I>Mannheimia haemolytica</I> strains isolated from samples. Nasal swab samples were collected from 100 Holstein cattle, 70 of these were apparently healthy and 30 were unhealthy with the following respiratory signs: nasal discharge, coughing and dyspnoea. A total of 220 bacterial isolates were detected on Columbia blood agar plates, 102 (46.4%) of these were recovered from healthy and 118 (53.6%) from unhealthy Holstein cattle. The most frequently isolated species from the nasal cavity of the healthy animals sampled were <I>Staphylococcus epidermidis</I> (32.9%) and <I>S. aureus</I> (24.3%), while the most prevalent species in unhealthy cattle were <I>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</I> (40.0%), <I>P. multocida</I> (40.0%) and <I>M. haemolytica</I> (100.0%). According to antibiotic susceptibility test results, enrofloxacin (95.0%) was the most effective antibiotic on <I>P. multocida</I> isolates, while 95.0% of <I>M. haemolytica</I> isolates were susceptible to gentamicin. Among the <I>P. multocida</I> isolates the highest resistance was found against to kanamycin (70.0%), while erythromycin resistance were detected as 90.0% for <I>M. haemolytica</I> isolates.}
    }