Mohammed  Abobaker Baabbad, Shamharir  Abidin, 
    Tribalism and Perceived Auditor Independence: A Research Opportunity in the Arab World,
    International Business Management,
    Volume 9,Issue 6,
    2015,
    Pages 1304-1308,
    ISSN 1993-5250,
    ibm.2015.1304.1308,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=ibm.2015.1304.1308)
    Abstract: This study discusses a phenomenon prevalent in the Arab culture namely tribalism and its possible effect on auditor independence. It provides insight into collective societies, specifically tribal ones where the individual takes care of his group’s interests in what is considered as permanent loyalty to the group, often attributed to a collectivistic society. Owing to its widespread existence, it may threaten auditor’s independence, especially when both auditor and client come from one tribe or two affiliated tribes.
    Keywords: Auditor independence;culture;tribalism;Arab countries;tribes