Aiman Moftah A.  Dandi, Elias  Saion, 
    Determine the Optimum Concentration of 2-Thiopheneacetyl Chloride to Synthesize the Conducting Polythiophene by Using the Direct Irradiation Method,
    Research Journal of Applied Sciences,
    Volume 9,Issue 3,
    2014,
    Pages 169-173,
    ISSN 1815-932x,
    rjasci.2014.169.173,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=rjasci.2014.169.173)
    Abstract: The monomer (2-thiopheneacetyl chloride) with different concentrations 
  of 9.1, 16.7, 23.1, 28.6 and 33.3 wt.% were blended with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 
  to synthesize conducting Polythiophene (PTh) by the gamma irradiation method. 
  The absorbed dose of 30 kGy was applied on PTh/PVA film samples at ambient conditions. 
  On gamma irradiation, the monomer polymerized into conducting PTh by means of 
  losing H<SUP>+</SUP> ions and composing polarons, the electrical conducting 
  agent. The morphology of PTh/PVA was studied by using SEM. The SEM image indicated 
  well distributed PTh particles spread almost uniformly in the PVA matrix which 
  are more or less spherical and the average particle size was found to be 0.7 
  &#956;m in diameter. The optical characteristics of PTh particles were measured 
  by the UV-visible spectrometer. The absorption peak was found to be at about 
  400 nm with the band gap energy (E<SUB>g</SUB>) which decreased from 3.19 eV 
  at 9.1 wt.% to 2.15 eV at 28.6 wt.%. The electrical conductivity was measured 
  by using the impedance analyzer and was found that the direct current (dc) conductivity 
  increased from 2.6x10<SUP>-5</SUP> S m<SUP>-1</SUP> for 9.1 wt.% to 9.8x10<SUP>-4</SUP> 
  S m<SUP>-1</SUP> for 28.6 wt.%.
    Keywords: Conducting polymer;polythiophene;polyvinyl alcohol;Y-ray irradiation method;energy