Mohammad Shahidul  Islam, Surapong  Auwatanamongkol, 
    Facial Expression Recognition Using Local Arc Pattern,
    Asian Journal of Information Technology,
    Volume 12,Issue 4,
    2013,
    Pages 126-130,
    ISSN 1682-3915,
    ajit.2013.126.130,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=ajit.2013.126.130)
    Abstract: The success of a good facial expression recognition system 
  depends on the facial feature descriptor. This study presents a unique local 
  facial feature descriptor, the Local Arc Pattern (LAP) for facial expression 
  recognition. Feature is obtained from a local 5x5 pixels region by comparing 
  the gray color intensity values surrounding the referenced pixel to formulate 
  two separate binary patterns for the referenced pixel. Each face is divided 
  into equal sized blocks and histograms of LAP codes from those blocks are concatenated 
  to build the feature vector for classification. The recognition performance 
  of proposed method was evaluated on popular Japanese Female facial expression 
  dataset using support vector machine as the classifier. Extensive experimental 
  results with prototype expressions show that proposed feature descriptor outperforms 
  several popular existing appearance-based feature descriptors in terms of classification 
  accuracy.
    Keywords: Facial expression recognition;image processing;local feature extraction;pattern recognition;JAFFE;computer vision