Toshiro  Arai, Gebin  Li, Peter  Lee, Ichiro  Yamamoto, Nobuko  Mori, 
    Pilot Study to Determine Peripheral Blood Leukocyte mRNA Expression Profile of Energy <I>Homeostasis</I> Genes to Identify Potential Predictive Biomarkers of Obesity in Dogs,
    Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,
    Volume 12,Issue 1,
    2013,
    Pages 69-75,
    ISSN 1680-5593,
    javaa.2013.69.75,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=javaa.2013.69.75)
    Abstract: Peripheral Blood Leukocytes (PBL) continually interact with 
  virtually every organ and tissue in the whole body. A remarkable concordance 
  (80%) of gene expression profiles between peripheral blood mononuclear cells 
  and different tissues has been previously demonstrated in humans. As such, gene 
  expression responses of circulating PBL can therefore, potentially provide early 
  warning of any abnormalities they discover. Weight alterations (increase or 
  decrease) when associated with obesity has been reported to lead to alterations 
  to <I>PBL</I> gene expression, especially those related to insulin and adiponectin 
  signaling genes and even genes involved with energy homeostasis. As such, a 
  pilot study involving PBL profiles of the following genes involved in energy 
  homoestasis (5&#146; Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)-&#945;1 
  and 2, -&#946;1 and 2 and -&#947;1 and 2); Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 
  (G6PDH) and Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH), lipogenesis (Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) 
  and insulin signaling Adiponectin Receptor (ADIPOR) (-1 and 2); Insulin Receptor 
  Substrates (IRS) (-1 and 2); Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase (PI3-K) were evaluated 
  between lean and overweight dogs in an attempt to identify possible PBL biomarkers 
  for assessing obesity in dogs. As compared to lean dogs, overweight dog PBL 
  demonstrated reduced mRNA expression of IRS-1, IRS-2, FAS, <I>G6PDH </I>and<I> 
  AMPK &#946;1</I> genes. Overall, these findings suggest that dysregulation of 
  energy metabolism, associated with obesity in overweight dogs may carry over 
  with alterations in <I>PBL </I>gene expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis 
  and sterol metabolism. As such, <I>PBL</I> gene expression profiles may aid 
  in early detection of PBL biomarkers for assessing obesity in dogs.
    Keywords: Dog;obesity;peripheral blood leukocyte;biomarker;mRNA