A.  Badiie, M. Tohidi  Moghadam, S.  Sarv, F.  Moosakhani, 
    Detection of <I>Mycobacterium avium</I> Subspecies <I>paratuberculosis</I> in Milk and fecal Samples in Dairy Cattle by PCR and Nested-PCR,
    Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,
    Volume 9,Issue 24,
    2010,
    Pages 3055-3061,
    ISSN 1680-5593,
    javaa.2010.3055.3061,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=javaa.2010.3055.3061)
    Abstract: <I>Mycobacterium avium</I> ssp. <I>paratuberculosis</I> (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne&#146;s disease in cattle. The disease causes diarrhea, reduced milk production, poor reproductively, infertility and emaciation. MAP was isolated from intestinal tissue of a human patient suffering from Crohn's disease, a controversial discussion exists whether MAP have a role in the etiology of Crohn's disease or not. Milk may be a potential vehicle for the transmission of MAP to human population. In this study, milk and fecal samples were collected from cows (n = 150) with suspected of Johne&#146;s status. Milk and fecal samples were processed for Nested PCR. Nested PCR detected positive samples in milk and feces 68.150 (45.3%) and 74.150 (49.3%), respectively and PCR detected positive samples in milk and feces 41.150 (27.3%) and 48.150 (32%), respectively.
    Keywords: feces;single PCR;paratuberculosis;milk;Mycobacterium avium;subsp;nested-PCR;Cattle