Nuray Sahinler  , Sener Kurt  , 
    A Study on Antifungal Activity of Formic Acid and Propolis Extract 
Against Chalkbrood Disease Pathogen Ascosphera apis,
    Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,
    Volume 3,Issue 8,
    2004,
    Pages 554-556,
    ISSN 1680-5593,
    javaa.2004.554.556,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=javaa.2004.554.556)
    Abstract: The effectiveness of propolis, formic acid, formic acids + propolis (1:1) and formic acid+propolis (2:1) on the pathogen of chalkbrood disease (Ascosphera apis) was studied. The propolis extract was prepared by mixing 1900 ml 70% ethanol and 100 g propolis. Isolated A.apis pathogen were cultured in PDA(Potato Dextrose Agar). Five mm in diameter A.apis culture discs were placed in the petri dishes containing PDA and 50 ppm, 25ppm, 12.5 ppm , 6.25 ppm, 3.125 ppm and 1.56 ppm of 5% propolis extract, same doses formic acid and formic acid+ propolis(1:1) mixed and formic acid+propolis (2:1) mixed and incubated at 31 ? 1 C. The growth of the pathogen was evaluated after the 1 month of incubation period. Propolis extract, formic acid, formic acis+propolis (1:1) and formic acid+propolis (2:1) was found to be highly effective against to A.apis pathogen in vitro conditions.
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