TY  - JOUR
T1  - Oral Administration of Citrus Pulp Reduces Gastrointestinal Recovery of Orally Dosed<I> Escherichia coli</I> F18 in Weaned Pigs
AU - Collier, Chad Thomas AU - Carroll, Jeffery A. AU - Callaway, Todd R. AU - Arthington, John D. 
JO  - Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances
VL  - 9
IS  - 16
SP  - 2140
EP  - 2145
PY  - 2010
DA  - 2001/08/19
SN  - 1680-5593
DO  - javaa.2010.2140.2145
UR  - https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=javaa.2010.2140.2145
KW  - Citirus pulp
KW  -cortisol
KW  -cytokine
KW  -Escherichia coli F18
KW  -pig
KW  -pig
AB  - The effects of Citrus Pulp (CTP) on the immune and cortisol responses to <I>E. coli</I> F18 inoculation and subsequent <I>E. coli</I> recovery were evaluated in newly weaned pigs (23.3&plusmn;1.8 days of age). Barrows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups with (CTP; n = 15) and without (Control; n = 15) the in-feed inclusion of CTP (10% rate as fed) for 13 days. On day 13, all pigs were orally dosed with Novobiocin (Nov) and Nalidixic Acid (Nal) resistant <I>E. coli</I> F18 (10 mL 7x10<SUP>8</SUP> CFU) at 0 h. Serial blood samples were collected via an indwelling jugular catheter inserted on day 12 at hourly intervals from 0-8 h and then at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Differential blood cell populations were enumerated hourly from 0-8 h and at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Serum cortisol, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1&#946;), IL-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) and interferon-gamma (IFN-&#947;) concentrations were determined via porcine-specific ELISAs at all time points. After 48 h, all pigs were euthanized and samples collected from ileal, cecal and rectal contents for selective <I> E. coli</I> F18 standard plate counts on Nov and Nal-treated media. White blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages were decreased (p&lt;0.05) from baseline equally in both treatments by 48 h. A more rapid cortisol suppression (p&lt;0.05) was observed in CTP-treated piglets after inoculation with a subsequent return to baseline in both treatments. The production of IL-1&#946;, IL-6, TNF-&#945; and IFN-&#947; were unaffected by treatment or inoculation. However, the inclusion of CTP suppressed (p&lt;0.05) ileal and cecal <I>E. coli</I> F18 recovery compared to controls and completely eliminated rectal recovery of the pathogen. These results demonstrate that the potentially therapeutic effects of CTP are the result of direct microbial modulation independent of an immune response. Therefore, supplementation of CTP could potentially be used to enhance growth in weaned pigs by suppressing chronic and acute pathogenic challenges; consequently preventing the diversion of energy towards maintaining innate and adaptive immune responses and liberating it for growth related processes.
ER  -