Ibrahim  A. Ali, 
    Association of Glycosylated Hemoglobin with Physical Activity and Diet in Sudanese Non-
Diabetics Population,
    Journal of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology,
    Volume 1,Issue 2,
    2020,
    Pages 14-18,
    ISSN 2708-2709,
    jdme.2020.14.18,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=jdme.2020.14.18)
    Abstract: Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) is now used
largely for DM control. HbA<sub>1c</sub> is influenced by many risk
factors; these include Body Mass Index (BMI), physical
activity, age, ethnicity, diet, smoking and Blood Pressure
(BP). Previous studies showed that the levels of HbA<sub>1c</sub>
showed different relationship with physical activity and
diet. The objective of this study is to investigate the
physical activity and diets as determinants of glycated
hemoglobin in non-diabetic Sudanese population. A cross
sectional study was conducted during 2016-2018 in Sudan
covering Khartoum state, Northern state, Gezira state,
Red Sea state and North Darfur state, on adults of ages
between 20-60 years and not known to be diabetic or
suffering from any chronic illness. The 1096 participants
were assessed by a questionnaire covering age, gender,
dietary intake in the previous month, physical activity and
other demographic and social characteristics. BMI and BP
were calculated by standard scales. A sample of 5 mL
venous blood was taken for FBG to exclude DM and
measurement of HbA1c using a modified ELISA reader
known as Cobas Integra 800 (Roch) machine.
Correlations between the variables were estimated and
p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The
overall mean value of HbA<sub>1c</sub> was 4.6%&plusmn;0.9 with a
minimum value of 1.2% and maximums of 6.3. At 95%
confidence interval the lower bound Mean was 4.5% and
the upper bound mean was 4.7%. The mean age of the
participants was found to be 25.1&plusmn;9.2 years with a range
of 20-60 years. The mean of BMI was found to be
22.8&plusmn;4.8 with a minimum of 18.5 and maximum of 51.4.
497(45.3%) of the participants were physically active.
The physical activity level negatively affected HbA1c
(p = 0.004). The level of HbA<sub>1c</sub> is lower in physically
active participants than non-active participants this study
showed that there was no correlation between daily
caloric intake and the level of HbA<sub>1c</sub>. There was no
correlation between HbA<sub>1c</sub> and carbohydrate (p = 0.18),
Protein (p = 0.16) and Fat (p = 0.12). In conclusion
HbA<sub>1c</sub> level is decreased by physical activity and not
affected by dietary intake. Health education and increase
the awareness of the beneficial effects of practicing
physical activity, sport and encouraged smoking
cessations is very important to control glycemic index,
especially in diabetic patients and obese subjects.
    Keywords: diet;physical activity;HbA1c;Glycemic;Sudan