Ghanem  M. Al-Ghamdi, 
    Serology Study of <I>Streptococcus equi</I> in Saudi Arabia,
    Veterinary Research,
    Volume 5,Issue 5,
    2012,
    Pages 107-109,
    ISSN 1993-5412,
    vr.2012.107.109,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=vr.2012.107.109)
    Abstract: <I>Strptococcus equi</I> which is a Gram-positive bacteria 
  causes strangles a highly contagious disease that affects the respiratory system 
  of the horse. The disease is characterized by fever, nasal discharges and enlargement 
  of the lymph nodes in the head and upper neck region. The aim of this study 
  was to determine the prevalence of <I>S. equi</I> infection among horses residing 
  on horse farms in the main regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve 
  this aim, field visits were made to horse farms in Al-Ahsa, Dammam, Jubail, 
  Riyadh, Jeddah, Hafr Al-Baten, Al-Baha and Al-Tayf. A total of 103 farms that 
  contained 1343 horses were investigated. Farm owners and managers were questioned 
  regarding the presence of signs similar to strangles. In the meantime, serum 
  was collected from 181 horses. This initial survey indicated no horses had clinical 
  signs of strangles. However, serologic work detected antibody titer against 
  <I> S. equi</I> in 52 horses (&gt;28%) of which 12 horses had highly significant 
  titer. These horses were located in several locations around Saudi Arabia. It 
  is very likely that the disease has been underdignaosed.
    Keywords: Horses;Streptococcus equi;serology;underdiagnosed;Saudi Arabia