E.  Bhero, A.J.  Hoffman, 
    Enhancing Customs Risks Management System with GPS Data: A Simulation Approach,
    Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
    Volume 15,Issue 8,
    2020,
    Pages 2014-2024,
    ISSN 1816-949x,
    jeasci.2020.2014.2024,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=jeasci.2020.2014.2024)
    Abstract: Numerous calls have been made for Africa to
improve the efficiency of her trade corridors. The calls
have been predicated on a number of reasons including an
understanding that in this modern and globalised world,
an efficient trade corridor promotes economic
competitiveness of a country or region. Delays associated
with customs processes, especially with cross-border trade
has been singled out as one of the major sources of long
delays, hence, the decrease in the efficiency of Africa&#146s
trade corridors. The aim of the simulation-based study in
this study was to investigate the possible impact of using
GPS-based data on efficiency of custom&#146s cargo risk
assessment, management and control. The simulation of
using real-time GPS-based monitoring data was combined
with a posteriori controls. The results show that,
infraction detection improvement of at least 27.45% is
possible when only 14.9% of cargo is intrusively
inspected compared to intrusively inspecting 20.6% of
cargo when using a posteriori procedures as proposed in
some published articles. The results show that, using a
posteriori risk assessment procedure together with
GPS-based real-time cargo trucks monitoring data and
other technologies such as RFID systems can significantly
improve the efficiency of customs processes including
infraction detection.
    Keywords: ASYCUDA;road freight transportation;cross-border operations;GPS tracking;CREMS;customs processes;infraction hit-rate;simulation;RFID systems