Sumarno  Reto Prawiro, Wiyono  Hadi, Edi  Handoko, A.S.  Noorhamdani, 
    Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Propolis Trigona Spp. Malang Indonesia on Isolate
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Biofilm Architecture from Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Confocal Laser
Scanning Microscopic Study,
    International Journal of Tropical Medicine,
    Volume 15,Issue 4,
    2020,
    Pages 97-102,
    ISSN 1816-3319,
    ijtmed.2020.97.102,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=ijtmed.2020.97.102)
    Abstract: The biofilm in chronic rhinosinusitis due to the
infection by bacteria is a difficult problem to overcome.
Bacteria in side embedded in biofilms are difficult to
treat. CRS with biofilms has recurrent infections, ongoing
mucosal inflammation and persistent postoperative
symptoms. Propolis is a natural product that has the
potential as an anti-bacterial choice. The purpose this
study was to determine the effect of propolis on the
growth of bacteria <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> biofilm from
isolate chronic patient rhinosinusitis, using CLSM with
staining of green fluorescent nucleic acid Syto9. Isolate
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> taken from swab discharge of
meatus medius of chronic rhinosinusitis patients in
functional endoscopy of sinus surgery at PHC Hospital
Surabaya, Indonesia. Identification of <i>Staphylococcus
aureus</i> using medium Mannitol Salt Agar, Gram Staining,
Catalase Test and Coagulase Test. Biofilm produced
bacterial cell cultured in congo red agar. EEP macerated
of alcohol 70% and after that the biofilm formed put
in 24 well culture plate 48 h using EEP solution dosages
of 0%, 0.2 was %, 0.4%, 0.8%, 2%, 8%, 10% and
negative control. Measurement intensity of expression
Syto9 and biofilm depth using CLSM magnification 400x.
Each well checked for 3x field of view. Ethanolic Extract
of Propolis Trigona sp. solution dosages of 0, 0.2,
0.4, 0.8, 2, 8, 10% and negative control, biofilm
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> obtained decreased intensity of
expression Syto9 and biofilm depth. Kruskal Wallis test,
Syto9 the result of significance (p) was 0.001. The
result showed there was a difference of intensity of
expression Syto9 results in the treatment dose group
(p<&#945; = 0.05). In the biofilm depth, the result of
significance (p) was 0.001. The study showed that
there was a difference of biofilm results in treatment dose
group (p<&#945; = 0.05). In Post Hoc test the EEP Trigona sp.
2-10% dose can inhibit the growth of biofilms.
    Keywords: EEP;Staphylococcus aureus biofilm;CRS;CLSM;bacteria