Olufunmilola  B. Makanjuola, Rasheed  A. Bakare, Samuel  A. Fayemiwo, 
    Quinolone and Multidrug Resistant<i> Salmonella typhi</i> in Ibadan, Nigeria,
    International Journal of Tropical Medicine,
    Volume 7,Issue 3,
    2012,
    Pages 103-107,
    ISSN 1816-3319,
    ijtmed.2012.103.107,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=ijtmed.2012.103.107)
    Abstract: Typhoid fever remains prevalent worldwide especially in a 
  developing country like Nigeria. Many first line drugs such as chloramphenicol 
  were discontinued due to Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) <i>Salmonella Typhi</i> 
  (<i>S. typhi</i>). Quinolones are now the recommended therapy but in spite of 
  their usefulness there are several reports of failure of therapy due to quinolone 
  resistance. This study sought to find the prevalence of quinolone resistant 
  and MDR <i>S. typhi </i>in this environment. About 146 (4.6%) out of the 3184 
  blood culture samples collected for the study yielded <i>Salmonella typhi</i> 
  disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out for the following 
  antibiotics: chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic 
  acid, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and ceftriaxone. The minimum 
  inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin was determined against the isolates 
  using broth macrodilution technique. Of the <i>Salmonella typhi</i> isolates 
  37.7, 32.2, 38.4 and 50.7% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, 
  ampicillin and amoxicillin, respectively while susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic 
  acid, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and ceftriaxone were 87.7, 
  91.1, 95.9, 99.3 and 100%, respectively. The MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub> 
  of ciprofloxacin were 0.06 and 0.125 &#956;g mL<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. 
  The prevalence of multidrug resistance was 56.2% while that of quinolone resistance 
  was 8.9%. There is high prevalence of multidrug resistant <i>Salmonella typhi</i> 
  therefore, the use of chloramphenicol and other previous first line antibiotics 
  should be discouraged. Though, resistance appears to be emerging, quinolones 
  remain useful in treating typhoid fever in this environment but surveillance 
  should be continuous.
    Keywords: Typhoid fever;quinolones;multidrug resistant;Salmonella typhi;Nigeria