Ali Ghanaee  Chamanabad, Zahra Pourmohammad  Shandiz, Ali  Mashhadi, 
    Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on
Reducing Craving among Hookah Smokers,
    Research Journal of Medical Sciences,
    Volume 10,Issue 3,
    2016,
    Pages 139-146,
    ISSN 1815-9346,
    rjmsci.2016.139.146,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=rjmsci.2016.139.146)
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
(tDCS) on reducing craving among people smoking hookah. The study population included all individuals
25-35 years old hookah smokers in the spring 2015 residing in Mashhad. The 21 students are selected using
voluntary sampling and are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group
received tDCS treatment at the same level while the control group did not receive any treatment. For data
analysis univariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software is used to accelerate obtaining the results. The
results showed there is a significant difference in terms of the basic craving and induced craving between the
control and experimental of the left and groups at a confidence level of 99% (p<0.01). Also, there is a significant
difference in terms of the basic craving and induced craving between the control and experimental of the right
ande groups at a confidence level of 99% (p<0.01). So, it can be said that transcranial direct current stimulation
can reduce the basic and induced craving to smoke hookah.
    Keywords: Direct electrical stimulation;base craving;induced carving;voluntary sampling;covariance