Awais  Anwar, Noman  Arshed, Rukhsana  Kalim, 
    Can Government Expenditures Deter Crime? An Empirical Analysis Across the District of
Punjab,
    Research Journal of Applied Sciences,
    Volume 14,Issue 11,
    2019,
    Pages 388-395,
    ISSN 1815-932x,
    rjasci.2019.388.395,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=rjasci.2019.388.395)
    Abstract: Crime is an outcome of illegal market returns
overweighing legal market returns. This study proposes
few deterrence expenditures which indicate direct or
indirect government intervention to crime control. This
study uses random effect panel Poisson regression
approach to determine the effects of proposed deterrence
expenditures on crime for districts of Punjab, Pakistan.
The results indicate that enrollment in schools,
employment, education expenditures and health
expenditures significantly deter crime. While between the
proposed direct interventions, the police expenditures
have appeared to be the most effective deterrent. The
efficiency estimates using frontier analysis, shows that the
government efforts are 63% efficient in minimizing crime
rate. It can be further improved by aligning objectives of
all the districts and efficiently utilizing national resources.
    Keywords: Crime control;panel poisson regression;police expenditure;public safety expenditures;efficiency