@article{MAKHILLTSS2017121224533,
    title = {Profitability Analysis of Small-Scale Farmers in Indonesia a
Case Study of Hand Tractor use in Jember Regency},
    journal = {The Social Sciences},
    volume = {12},
    number = {12},
    pages = {2224-2229},
    year = {2017},
    issn = {1818-5800},
    doi = {sscience.2017.2224.2229},
    url = {https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?issn=1818-5800&doi=sscience.2017.2224.2229},
    author = {Fitri,Naoyuki and},
    keywords = {Small-scale farmers,hand tractor,profitability analysis,constraints},
    abstract = {In this study, we analyze the constraints of hand tractor ownership and the profitability of small-scale
farmers who use hand tractors in Jember Regency, Indonesia. Multistage purposive sampling was used to select
144 small-scale farmers from six districts in Jember Regency. The analysis of social characteristics shows that
the main constraints impeding small-scale farmers from owning hand tractors are availability, skills, costs and
land condition. The results of the profitability analysis show that small-scale farmers in the Jember Regency
have lower labor costs of IDR 4,133,820/ha (USD 295), higher hand tractor costs of IDR 609,890/ha (USD 44)
and higher income than the national standard of IDR 14,496,887/ha (USD 1,035). This indicates that hand tractor
use results in an increase in the profitability of small-scale farmers by reducing production costs. The
significant gross margin (83.7%) is evidence that small-scale farmers in the Jember Regency who use hand
tractors for land preparation are more profitable than the national standard.}
    }